How AI and drones are changing the search for missing persons

Search and rescue (SAR) teams are increasingly using drones, also known as Uncrewed Aircraft (UA), to locate missing persons faster and more effectively. These technologies provide real-time aerial views, enhance night searches with thermal imaging and assist in pinpointing locations with laser ranging. However, while drones and AI-powered search tools offer significant advantages, they also introduce new challenges.

The evolution of SAR drones

Not long ago, off-the-shelf drones used by SAR teams came with only daylight or electro-optical (EO) cameras. Early adopters quickly realised these tools could do more than just provide an aerial view.

As technology advanced, drones gained the ability to detect heat signatures, identify movement and even estimate precise locations of missing persons. These developments are already transforming SAR operations, but like any tool, drones have both strengths and limitations.

Conventional search methods with drones

A SAARAA-Scotland pilot follows a structured sequence for each search. After pre-flight checks, the pilot ascends to assess the search area, determining height and camera angles. To calibrate their perspective, the pilot and observer use the camera to view each other, ensuring they understand the scale of a missing person in the terrain.

The search typically begins with a point-of-interest scan, followed by a grid search. Depending on the situation, pilots use mission-planning software or manually control the drone to navigate challenging environments.

Advantages:

• Pilots can adjust search patterns based on terrain, visibility and missing person behaviour.
• Drones can fly at different angles and altitudes to maximise visibility.
• In complex landscapes, manual control allows navigation in areas that automated systems might struggle to cover.

Disadvantages:

• Human perception has limits. Camera feeds do not fully replicate natural vision, often making objects appear smaller or farther away.
• Fatigue, stress and environmental conditions, such as cold temperatures, can impact a pilot’s focus.
• At night, thermal imaging does not always clearly detect missing persons, especially if they wear insulated clothing that reduces heat signatures.

AI and computer vision in SAR

Artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision tools are changing the way SAR teams analyse drone footage. AI can scan images and video for unusual shapes, specific colours or movement, reducing human error and improving search efficiency.

Some systems process footage after a search, while others analyse images in real time on the drone controller. Real-time AI detection represents the next major leap in SAR technology, cutting down search times and increasing the chances of finding missing persons quickly.

Advantages:

• AI eliminates human limitations such as fatigue and perception errors.
• The system scans the entire screen continuously, unlike a human observer who must focus on one area at a time.
• AI tools integrate with most drones, making them accessible to SAR teams.
• Some systems highlight specific colours, objects or motion patterns, increasing detection accuracy.

Disadvantages:

• Not all AI systems can process thermal imagery.
• Cost may put some advanced systems out of reach for volunteer teams.
• Teams risk becoming too reliant on AI, potentially missing critical details that a human observer might notice.
• Some AI tools require an internet connection, limiting their use in remote areas.
• AI cannot fully replace human observers, who still play a vital role in verifying detections and making real-time decisions.

Drones and AI-powered search tools have already changed how SAR teams operate. As technology evolves, these systems will become more reliable, integrated and widely adopted. However, human oversight remains essential. The combination of AI-driven analysis and experienced pilots ensures the best chance of locating missing persons quickly and safely.

For those looking to experience these innovations firsthand, I am hosting a new event in partnership with Lee Newman, Drone Manager for London Fire Brigade focused on hands-on drone and robotics demonstrations. Read more about the event here.

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